List of Umayyad Caliphs
4.
Abdul Malik Marwan (64-65/684-685)
5.
Abdul Malik (65-86/685-705)
6.
Walid bin Abdul Malik (86-96/705-715)
7.
Suleman (96-99/715-717)
8.
Umar bin Abdul Aziz (99-101/717-720)
9.
Yazid II (101-105/720-724)
10.
Hisham (105-125/724-743) 11. Walid II (125-126/743-744)
12.
Yazid III (126-126/744-744)
13.
Ibrahim bin Walid I (126-127/744-744)
14.
Marwan II (127-132/744-750)
Muawiyah I:
Muawiyah stands out as one of the few caliphs who is depicted both in Muslim historiography and in modern scholarship as a decisive force in Islamic history.
During his 20-year governorship of Syria and during the war against Hazrat Ali (R.A.), Muawiyah in recruited and trained a large Arab tribal army that was remarkably loyal to him. It was therefore natural that he should base his caliphate in Syria, with Damascus as the new capital of Islam. But, if Muawiyah's chief support came from the tribes of Syria, the tribes of other areas posed the chief threat to his reign. It is not surprising then that early Umayyad government followed certain tribal principles as a means of retaining and winning the loyalty of the Arabs. There is no doubt that warfare served these purposes during his reign, and in this respect it significant that Muawiyah used the Syrian army only for domestic defence and for against the Byzantines, who threatened the borders of Syria.
Soon after his accession to the caliphate, however, he curtailed the payment of tribute and sent expeditions against the Byzantines almost yearly. These campaigns served both to fulfil Muawiyah's obligation to conduct jihad against unbelievers and to keep his Syrian troops in campaigns fighting trim. Otherwise, the war against Byzantium was inconclusive. Even though two expeditions reached the vicinity of Constantinople, the Arabs never succeeded in permanently occupying territory in Asia Minor beyond the Taurus mountains.
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